1.
Present simple
Pelajari contoh
dibawah ini :
Mr Yudi is a bus
driver . but now he is a sleep in a bed.
Jadi : he is not
driving a bus (he is sleep)
Perhatikan :
i/you/we/they = drive
he she it = drives
kita menggunakan
present simple untuk membicarakan benda benda secara umum
2. Simple past Tense
Simple
Past Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang telah terjadi pada waktu
tertentu di masa lalu. kejadian bisa pendek atau panjang. Berarti juga bisa
menjadi beberapa kejadian terjadi satu demi persatu. Secara umum, Ada dua fakta
penting yang perlu diingat dalam tenses bahasa inggris ini :
- kata kerja tak
beraturan (Irregular Verbs)
- kalimat negatif
dan pertanyaan tidak seperti kalimat positif tetapi mempertahankan bentuk dasar
kata kerja
Penggunaan
1. Peristiwa di masa
lalu yang telah selesai (misalnya : I went to school)
2. Situasi di masa lalu (they lived a normal life until they won a lottery)
3. Serangkaian tindakan di masa lalu
- Subject + to be (was/were) + complement
- Subject + verb 2 + object
- Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
- Subject + did not + verb 1 + object
- Did + subject + verb 1 + object ?
Contoh Simple
Past tense:
He was a businessman in 1999 (+)
- dia adalah seorang pebisnis pada tahun 1999
I sell these motorcycles in Surabaya(+)
- saya menjual sepeda motor ini di Surabaya
She did not visit me yesterday (-)
- dia tidak mengunjungiku kemarin
My parents were not
home this afternoon(-)
- orang tua ku tidak ada di rumah siang ini
Did you play
football yesterday ? (?)
- Apakah kamu bermain sepakbola kemarin ?
Keterangan waktu
(adverb of time) yang umum digunakan dalam simple past tense :
Yesterday (kemarin, the other day (lain hari), just now (sekarang), the day
before yesterday (sehari sebelum kemarin), etc
Past
simple
This
time you have to put the verb into the correct form. All the sentences are
past.
Example
: I didn’t go (not/go) to work yesterday because I wasn’t
(not/be) very well.
1. Tom ……………………….(not/Shave)
this morning because he ………………….(not/have) time.
2. We……………………….(not/eat)
anything because I ……………………….(not/be ) hungry.
3. I …………………………...(not/rush)
because I ………………………………(not/be) in a hurry.
4. She………………………..(not/be)
interested in the book because she ……………………………(not/understand) it.
1. Past Continuous Tense
Past continuous
tense mengungkapkan tindakan di masa lalu yang sedang berlangsung. tindakan
kadang dapat juga disela oleh sesuatu. bentuk tenses bahasa inggris ini disebut
juga Past Progressive Tense
Penggunaan :
1. Tindakan yang sedang berlangsung
2. kegiatan sela yang sedang berlangsung
[Past Continuous] + When + [Past Simple]
3. kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang sama di masa lalu
4. Pertanyaan bersyarat / sopan
Misalnya : I was wondering if you could carry my bag.
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
- was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?
Contoh - Past
Continuous tense :
He was sleeping when I came (+)
- Dia sedang tidur ketika saya datang
He was not sleeping when I came (-)
- Dia tidak sedang tidur ketika saya datang
Was he sleeping when I came ?
- apakah dia sedang tidur ketika saya datang ?
I was working all
night yesterday(+)
- saya sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin
I was not working all night yesterday (-)
- Saya tidak sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin
were you working all night yesterday ?
- Apakah kamu sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin ?
Past
continuous
Example
: (Don / have / a bath ) don was having a bath
1. (ann / write / a letter in
her room ) ann…………………………………………………………
2. ( George / get / ready to go
out ) George……………………………………………………….
3. (Carol and Denis / have / dinner
) carol and denis …………………………………………
(Tom / make / a
phone call) Tom……………………………………………………………………
1.
Past Perfect (simple)
Kita
menggunakan Past Perfect (simple) tense untuk menunjukkan suatu tindakan di
masa lalu berkaitan dengan tindakan lain sebelumnya di masa lalu.
Penggunaan
:
1. menceritakan sebuah tindakan yang sudah selesai sebelum tindakan lain di
masa lalu
2. kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentence) Type III
If + subject + Past perfect + would have + verb III
If we had known the answer, we would have told you
Seandainya kami telah tahu jawabannya, kami akan telah mengatakan padamu
(kenyataanya kami sudah tidak tahu jawabannya)
3. kalimat tak langsung (reported speech)
Ann: I have searched all the rooms.
George: Ann said she had searched all the rooms.
George : Ann mengatakan bahwa dia sudah mencari semua kamar
untuk pembahasan selengkapnya tentang reported speech dalam berbagai tenses
disini
Rumus Past Perfect
Tense :
Positif (+)
Subject + had + verb III + (past participle) + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + verb III + object
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + verb III + object ?
Contoh - Past
Perfect tense :
They had been here before 1945 (+)
- mereka telah berada disini sebelum tahun 1945
They had not been here before 1945 (-)
- mereka belum berada disini sebelum tahun 1945
Had they been here before 1945 ? (?)
- apakah mereka telah berada disini sebelum 1945 ?
She had gone to
Amsterdam when I called her (+)
- dia telah pergi ke Amsterdam ketika aku meneleponnya
She had not gone to Amsterdam when I called her (-)
- dia belum pergi ke Amsterdam ketika aku meneleponnya
Had she gone to Amsterdam when you called her ?
- apakah dia telah pergi ke Amsterdam ketika kamu meneleponnya ?
Keterangan waktu
(Adverb of time) yang umum digunakan dalam past Perfect tense ini :
after, before, already, as soon as, just, yet, until, till, by the time that.
past Perfect tense
juga digunakan untuk ungkapan seperti : “I wish”, “as if/though” and “if only”.
I wish I hadn’t gone there.
aku berharap aku tidak pernah pergi kesana
Jono looked as if he had done something terrible.
Jono tampak seolah-olah ia telah melakukan sesuatu yang mengerikan
Past
perfect
Complete these sentences using the verbs in
bracket.
Example : most of my friends were no longer
there. They had left (Leave)
1.
My best friend, Kevin was no longer
there. He …………………(go) away.
2.
The local cinema was no longer open.
It ……………………..(close) down
3.
Mr Johnson was no longer alive. He
…………………(die)
4.
I didn’t recognize mrs Johnson. She
……………………..(change) a lot.
5.
Bill no longer had his car.
He…………………..(sell) it.
1. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect
Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu tindakan yang dimulai di
masa lalu dan berlangsung sampai tindakan lain yang di masa lalu.
Penggunaan :
1. Durasi tindakan masa lalu sampai titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu juga
2. kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentence) Type III
If it hadn’t been raining, we would have played football
3. kalimat tak langsung (reported speech)
Ann: I was crying
George: Ann said she had been crying
George : Ann mengatakan bahwa dia telah menangis
Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + been + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + been + object ?
Contoh Past Perfect
Continuous tense :
He had been living in Jakarta about ten years (+)
- Dia telah tinggal di Jakarta sekitar 10 tahun
He had not been living in Jakarta about ten years (-)
- dia belum tinggal di Jakarta sekitar 10 tahun
Had He been living in Jakarta about ten years ? (?)
- apakah dia telah tinggal di Jakarta selamat 10 tahun ?
Perbedaan
antara Present Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous adalah :
Present Perfect Continuous mengungkapkan tindakan yang terus berlanjut sampai
sekarang sedangkan Past Perfect Continuous tidak.
He has been playing for two hours
Dia telah bermain selama 2 jam (dia masih bermain atau baru saja selesai)
He had been playing for two hours when arrived
Dia telah bermain selama 2 jam ketika saya tiba (sekarang tidak sedang bermain.
Past
perfect continuous
1.
Tom was watching television. He was
feeling very tired.
(he/study/hard all day)
he…………………………………………..
2.
When I walked into the room, it was
empty. But there was a smell cigarette.
(somebody/smoke/in the room)
somebody………………………………………………
3.
When marry come back from the beach,
she looked very red from the sun.
(she/lie/in the sun too long)
………………………………………………………………………
4.
The two boys came into the house.
They had a football they were both very tired.
(they/play/football)………………………………………………………
5.
Ann woke up in the middle of the
night. She was frightened and she didn’t know where she was. (she dream/dream)
……………………………………………………………………….
Countable
nouns
adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung, yang dapat menunjukkan kuantitas atau
jumlah, contohnya kata benda pen dapat dihitung one, two, atau three
pens.
Contoh kata benda yang dapat dihitung: cat, dog, man, baby, person, animal,
bottle, box, coin, cup, plate, table, chair, bag, glass, book, house, etc.
Benda-benda yang ada di sekitar kita umumnya adalah benda yang dapat dihitung.
Contoh countable nouns dalam kalimat:
- We could see a ship in the distance.
- I have to brothers, John and Mark.
- I've got a problem with the car.
- Do you like these photos?
- I'm going out for five minutes.
Uncountable nouns (disebut juga mass nouns) adalah kebalikan dari
countable nouns, yaitu kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, contohnya kata
benda water. Kata benda tersebut tidak bisa dikatakan a water atau
two water, tetapi lebih tepat digunakan bersama dengan kata benda
lainnya yang dapat dihitung, misalnya a glass of water atau two glass
of water.
Contoh kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung: sand, air, rice, sugar, cheese,
tea, coffee, advice, assistance, fun, money, music, art, love, etc.
Contoh uncountable nouns dalam kalimat:
- Can I have some water?
- Shall we sit on the grass?
- The money is much better in my new job.
- I love music.
- Would you like some coffee?
Perhatikan beberapa catatan mengenai countable dan uncountable nouns
di bawah ini.
Much dan many yang sama-sama berarti banyak, biasa
digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah pada countable dan uncountable
nouns. Many digunakan untuk countable nouns dan terletak
mendahuluinya, sedangkan much digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- How many years have you lived in Surabaya?
- She didn’t have much fun at the Tunjungan Plaza.
- I haven't got many pens.
- I haven't got much rice.
Number dan amount mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu
jumlah atau sejumlah. Number digunakan untuk countable nouns,
sedangkan amount untuk uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- My teacher gives me a large number of assignments.
- My teacher gives me a large amount of homework.
- We have been friends for a number of years.
-They give us an amount of money.
Few dan little mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu
sedikit. Few digunakan untuk countable nouns, sedangkan little
digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- The party has attended by a few men.
- There is only a little milk on the table.
- I've got a few dollars.
- I've got a little money.
- Few people understand the difference.
Fewer dan less mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu
sedikit. Fewer digunakan untuk countable nouns, sedangkan less
digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- This kind of job will give you fewer dollars.
- He pays me less money than I thought.
- Fewer birds came this year.
- Doctors recommend eating less salt.
Some dan any mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu
beberapa, biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah tak tentu pada countable
nouns (plural) atau uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- I've got some money.
- Have you got any rice?
- I've got some dollars.
- Have you got any pens?
Countable nouns dapat berbentuk singular maupun plural.
- My cat is playing.
- My cats are hungry.
Countable nouns yang singular dapat didahului dengan kata this, that,
every, each, either, dan neither, sedangkan yang plural biasanya
didahului kata these, those, some, any, enough, dan zero article.
Lihat juga catatan dan contoh di atas.
Umumnya, uncountable nouns tidak dapat dibuat menjadi plural,
kecuali jika disertai oleh jenis kata lainnya.
- There are new wines being introduced every day.
- The waters of the Atlantic are much warmer this time of year.
- The Dutch are famous for their cheeses.
Countable nouns dapat diawali oleh a, an (indefinite
article) untuk singular dan the (definite article)
untuk singular maupun plural.
Jika countable nouns berbentuk singular, maka penggunaan kata
seperti a, an, the, my, this, dsb. harus digunakan.
- I want an orange. (tidak bisa dikatakan I want orange.)
- Where is my bottle? (tidak bisa dikatakan Where is bottle?)
Tetapi, jika countable nouns berbentuk plural, maka kata benda
itu dapat berdiri sendiri:
- I like oranges.
- Bottles can break.
Terkadang uncountable nouns diperlakukan singular yang akhirnya
juga menggunakan verba singular.
- This news is very important.
- Your luggage looks heavy.
Indefinite article a, an tidak umum dipakai pada uncountable
nouns.
- a piece of news (bukan a news)
- a bottle of water (bukan a water)
- a grain of rice (bukan a rice)
Jadi, harus diberi kata keterangan di depannya. Perhatikan contoh lainnya
berikut ini.
- There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.
- He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.
- They've got a lot of furniture.
- Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?
Uncountable nouns juga sering digunakan tanpa article (zero article)
- Poetry is beautiful.
- Sugar is sweet.
- Experience is the best teacher.
Uncountable nouns dapat didahului dengan kata some, any, enough,
this, that, dan much. Dan karena bukan countable nouns maka
tidak dapat didahului dengan kata these, those, every, each, either, and
neither. Lihat lagi catatan dan contoh di atas.
Merupakan hal yang penting untuk mengetahui apakah suatu kata benda itu
termasuk dalam countable nouns atau uncountable nouns. Hal ini
akan memudahkan kita untuk mengenali jenis kata apa saja yang dapat diletakkan
di sekitarnya.
At
/ on / in ( Time )
a.) Kita menggunakan At untuk
waktu, Contoh :
At 5 o’clock At
11.45 aT Midnight At
lunchtime
Contoh Kalimat : Tom Usually leaves work at five o’clock
Tetapi kita menggunakan At :
|
Penggunaan At
|
Contoh
pada kalimat
|
|
At
night
|
I don’t like
going out at night.
|
|
At
the week-end /at week ends
|
Will you be
here at the week-end ?
|
|
At
the moment /at a present
|
Mr bean is
busy at the moment/at a present.
|
|
At
the same time
|
Mr Yudi and I
arrived at the same time.
|
|
At
the age of …….
|
Tom left
school at the age of school
|
b.) Kita menggunakan on date (tanggal) dan days
(hari)
On 12 March on Friday on Idul Fitri
Contoh Kalimat : They got married on 12 March.
On Saturday night,
on Sunday afternoon, on Monday evening
Contoh kalimat : I usually go out on Monday
evenings
c.) Kita
menggunakan In untuk periode waktu yang panjang
Months (Bulan-Bulan) , Years
(Tahun) seasons (Musim)
In April in 1968 in (the) winter
In the 18th century in the 1970 in the middle age
Contoh kalimat :
They got married in 1968
Kita juga boleh menggunakan in
sebagai berikut :
In the morning(s)/ in the
afternoon (s)/ in the evening (s)
Contoh kalimat : I’ll see in the morning
d.) Kita
tidak boleh menggunakan at, on, in sebelum Last dan Next
I’ll
see you next Friday
They
got married last march
Kita menggunakan in
+ Periods of time = a time in the future ( sebuah waktu dimasa yang akan
datang)
Contoh kalimat :
the train will be leaving in a few
minutes
Kamu juga boleh
mengatakan in six month time / in a weeks time etc :
Contoh Kalimat : They are getting married in six months’
time
Kita juga
menggunakan in untuk mengatakan berapa lama untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh kalimat :
- I learnt to drive
if four weeks. (= it took me four weeks to learn)
In this exercise you have to complete the
sentences. Each time use at, on or in with one of the phrases from the box
|
The
1920 1917 the 15th century about five minutes
Saturdays Night the age of five 21 July 1969
The
same time The moment
|
1.
Columbus discovered America in the 15th century
2.
The first man landed on the moon
……………..
3.
In Britain football matches are
usually played……….
4.
You can see the stars ……………………..if
the sky is the clear.
5.
In Britain children have to start
school……………………..
6.
Jazz became popular in the United
States……………..
7.
It’s difficult to listen when
everyone is speaking ………………
8.
The Russian revolution took place
…………………………
9.
Tom isn’t here……………………he’ll be
back…………………
Comparison
Mari kita lihat contoh-contoh dibawah ini
|
Lets
go by car its cheaper
|
Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare
one person or one thing with another.
DedRees of CompaRison
Sebagaian besar kata sifat diskriptif (descriptive adjectives) dan kata
sifat kuantitatif (quantitative adjective) memiliki tingkat-tingkat
perbandingan yang menerangkan kata benda.
Dalam
bahasa Inggris tingkat-tingkat perbandingan pada kata sifat disebut the degrees
of comparison (tingkat perbandingan)
The degrees of comparison (tingkat perbandingan)
berjumlah tiga tingkat, yaitu :
1. The positive degree (tingkat biasa)
2. The comparative (tingkat lebih/perbandingan)
3. The superlative (tingkat paling)
Bentuk perbandingan dibuat dari bentuk positive yang ditambah dengan
akhiran –er atau –r dan awalan more. Sedangkan bentuk superlative dibentuk dari
bentuk positive yang ditambah dengan akhiran –est atau –st dan awalan most.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful
Big Bigger Biggest
Tall Taller Tallest
Sincere More Sincere Most Sincere
Small Smaller Smallest
1. The positive degree (tingkat biasa)
• She is an attractive girl
When we speak about only one person or thing,We
use the Positive degree.
example :
• This
house is big.
In this
sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• He is
an intelligent boy.
Each sentence
mentioned above talks about only one noun.
2. The comparative (tingkat lebih/perbandingan)
Pada
umumnya bentuk tingkat lebih ini digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda atau
orang yang berbeda. Atau dengan kata lain digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa
susuatu benda atau orang itu mempunyai sifat lebih dibandingkan yang lain.
• My car
is faster than his car
When we compare two persons or two things with
each other,We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
example:
A. This house is bigger than that one.
(Comparative degree)
This
house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The
term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
Both
these sentences convey the same meaning.
B. This flower is more beautiful than that.
(Comparative)
This
flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The
term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.
Both
these sentences convey the same meaning.
C He is
more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)
He
is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The
term “more intelligent” is comparative version of the term “intelligent”.
Both
these sentences convey the same meaning.
3. The superlative (tingkat paling)
Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu itu mempunyai sifat
paling ...... dibandingkan yang lainnya. Pada umumnya digunakan untuk
membandingkan tiga benda atau lebih.
• This is the fastest car in the rally.
• Elvis
Presley is the greatest musician in the world
When we
compare more than two persons or things with one another,We use all the three
Positive, Comparative and Superlative
degrees.
example :
A. This
is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)
This
house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No
other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
The
term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”.
All
the three sentences mean the same meaning.
B. This flower is the most beautiful one in this
garden. (Superlative)
This
flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No
other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
The
term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the term “beautiful”.
All
the three sentences mean the same meaning.
C. He is
the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He
is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No
other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The
term “most intelligent” is superlative version of the term “intelligent”.
Both
these sentences convey the same meaning.
D. He is
the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)
He
is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No
other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
The
term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.
Both
these sentences convey the same meaning.
PASSIVE
VOICE
Passive
voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is performing the action.
A
passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the
subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is
not the grammatical subject of the sentence.
Example:
My bike was stolen.
When
rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be +
past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the
object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
# Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive.
1. Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus :
Let
+ objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
Help the poor (active)
Let the poor be helped (passive)
2. Passive Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus :
It
is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
It is time to send the letter (active)
It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)
3.
Negative Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus :
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
Don’t wait for me (active)
You are advised not to wait for me (passive)
4.
Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus :
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
This food tastes delicious (active)
This food is delicious when it is tasted
(passive)
5.
Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by “that-clause”
We regretted that the principal had to resign
from office (active)
It was regretted that the principal had to
resign from office (passive)
6.
Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
I consider her very pretty (active)
She is considered very pretty (passive)
7.
Passive Sentence with two objects
He gave me a book (active)
A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
I was given a book by him (passive 2)
8.
Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs
The teacher enjoyed teaching the students
(active)
The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher
(passive)
9. Agent
consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari
ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat
setelah by.
We were all surprised by her sudden announcement
to get married
I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing
project and begin a new one.
10.Passive Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require,
deserve, need
This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
This wall needs painting.
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak
kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan
noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause,
perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah :
Who
digunakan
untuk orang dalam posisi subjek (human as subject).
-He paid the money to the man who.
Whom
digunakan
untuk orang dalam posisi objek (human as object).
-He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
Which
digunakan
untuk benda, baik dalam posisi subjek atau objek (non-human as subject/object).
- The car
the door of which I dented cost a
fortune to repair.
That
digunakan
sebagai subtitusi who, whom, atau which.
-The car that is very small is economical to drive.
Whose
digunakan
untuk kepemilikan.
-This is the girl whose picture you saw.
When
digunakan
untuk waktu.
-The 1960s, when the "flower children"
thrived, was a colorful decade.
Why
digunakan
untuk sebab.
-The reason (why) I came should be obvious to
you.
Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan
Adjective Clause..
* Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi
Adjective Phrase
1. Adjective
Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada
perubahan arti kalimat.
2. Hanya
Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat
dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
3.
Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective
Phrase.
*Cara
mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
(1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
*
Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
*
Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
*
Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
*
Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
*
Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
*
Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
*
Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
*
Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective
Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja
dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
*
Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
*
Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet
consisting of 26 letters.
*
Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
*
Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
direct-indirect
kalimat
direct dan indirect
ex :
Present
tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
1.Direct
: She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect
: She says to her friend that he has been writing.
2. Direct
: She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect
: She has told you that he is reading.
3.Direct
: She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect
: She will tell you that you have done wrongly.
4.Direct
: She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect
: She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy.
a.
Command :
5. Direct
: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect
:He ordered his servant to go away at once
b.
Precept :
6 .Direct
: She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect
: He advised her son to study hard
c.
Request :
7.Direct
: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect
: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d.
Entreaty :
8. Direct
: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect:
He begged his master to pardon him.
e.
Prohibition :
9. Direct
: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect
: She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau
reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command
dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to
yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct :
She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect : She asked herdaughter not to go
there.
a. Exclamatory sentences
10. Direct : He said, “Hurrah! My old friend
has come”
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that his old
friend had come.
b. Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan
harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct : He said, “God bless you, my dear son
“
Indirect : He prayed that God would bless his
dear son
PARTS
OF SPEECH atau JENIS KATA DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS
13
Mei 2010 at 10:06 pm 9 komentar
PARTS
OF SPEECH
A. DEFINISI PARTS OF SPEECH
Parts of Speech dalam bahasa Inggris berarti
jenis-jenis kata atau kelas-kelas kata.
Disebut parts of speech – bagian-bagian dari
ucapan atau bagian-bagian kalimat (ingat, pada dasarnya kalimat dalam bahasa
adalah kalimat yang diucapkan, bukan dituliskan) – karena kata-kata ini
merupakan suatu sistem yang diperlukan untuk membentuk sebuah kalimat, tanpa
melihat apa tugas atau fungsinya masing-masing. Jadi, kata-kata itu merupakan
“bahan dasar” di dalam sebuah “bangunan” kalimat, bukan “fungsi” kata di dalam
kalimat. Mengapa demikian? Karena sebuah kata bisa mempunyai beberapa (lebih
dari satu) fungsi dalam kalimat.
Secara lengkap, ada 9 jenis kata atau kelas
kata dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu:
NO
JENIS KATA KETERANGAN
1 Verb Verba atau kata kerja (misalnya: be,
have, do, like, work, sing, can, must)
2 Noun Nomina atau kata benda (misalnya: pen,
dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John)
3 Adjective Adjectiva atau kata sifat
(misalnya: good, big, red, well, interesting)
4 Adverb Adverbia atau kata keterangan
(misalnya: quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really)
5 Pronoun Pronomina atau kata ganti (misalnya:
I, you, he, she, someone)
6 Preposition Preposisi atau kata depan
(misalnya: to, at, after, on, but)
7 Conjunction Konjungsi kata hubung atau kata
sambung (misalnya: and, but, when)
8 Interjection Interjeksi atau kata seru
(misalnya: oh!, , hi!, ,ouch! well! )
9 Determiner Determiner atau kata pembatas
atau kata sandang (misalnya: a, an, the, this, that, these, those, 78, some,
any)
